Abstract
Researchers in language teaching and learning field have been initially relying on univariate and bivariate analyses to understand the relationships among variables. Language researchers have started applying second‐generation analysis techniques such as structural equation modeling (SEM), including Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS‐SEM) and Covariance‐based Structural Equation Modeling. This chapter focuses on how PLS‐SEM was utilized to construct a new model and to examine the relationships among 15 different variables. It aims to provide information about non‐experimental studies that are designed for creating new models with multiple variables that have never been tested together before to explain a phenomenon such as bullying victimization. As emphasized in most of the graduate programs, literature review is the base of any type of research study. Ethics in human subject research is one of the most important factors that may determine the direction of a dissertation study.