Abstract
An extensive literature review was completed to examine the spectrum of neural tube defects. Neural tube defects may also result in Arnold Chiari malformations, tethering of the spinal cord, latex allergies, orthopedic complications, and hydrocephalus. The treatment and outcomes of these individuals has changed over time with new treatments, including fetal surgery, preventing many of these complications. Physical therapists will encounter these children less frequently than in previous decades but will still maintain an important role with these children throughout their lives