Abstract
Featured Application This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that integrating chemical (TMVOC) and biological (ATP) indicators can enhance post-disaster indoor air quality assessments. For environmental engineering, the findings suggest potential applications in refining building assessment tools and moisture diagnostics to better identify hidden microbial contamination. For environmental health, the approach offers early insight into how combined TMVOC and ATP measurements may complement visual inspection methods in flood-damaged homes. Although based on a small sample of residential homes affected by Hurricane Ian, these results demonstrate a methodological framework that could be expanded in larger studies and aid future disaster response strategies. Flooding from hurricanes creates damp indoor environments that support mold growth and microbial contamination, posing long-term health risks for occupants. This pilot study evaluated TMVOCs, microbial activity, and environmental conditions in 13 Hurricane Ian-affected residences across multiple flood-affected neighborhoods. Air samples were collected using sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while microbial activity on surfaces was assessed via ATP bioluminescence. Visible mold and dampness were documented with the CDC/NIOSH Dampness and Mold Assessment Tool, and environmental measurements included temperature, relative humidity, and surface as well as hidden moisture. Median (IQR) TMVOC concentrations were 12 (8) mu g/m(3), with 61% of homes exceeding the 10 mu g/m(3) benchmark set by previous researchers despite minimal visible contamination. Spearman's correlation revealed significant negative relationships between odor and surface microbial activity (rho = -0.569, p < 0.05), indicating that organic debris may play a more crucial role in microbial activity within the tested homes, and that odors might originate from hidden microbes instead of surface microbial growth. Our study emphasizes the necessity of utilizing both chemical (TMVOC) and biological (ATP) indicators to evaluate poor air quality caused by molds in flood-affected homes, serving as a supplement to routine visible mold assessments.